Dalam praktik sehari-hari adakalanya anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik yang dokter lakukan belum dapat menentukan diagnosis kerja. Beberapa tes laboratorium diperlukan untuk mendukung pertimbangan diagnosis atau dapat pula sebagai monitoring. Namun di lapangan terkadang tenaga kesehatan belum benar-benar mengerti dalam menginterpretasikan hasil laboratorium yang diujikan. Berikut adalah interpretasi urinalisis, yang merupakan salah satu pemeriksaan penunjang yang paling banyak digunakan.
pH
Reference range
|
Increased in
|
Decrease in
|
4.5-8
|
- gangguan asam basa
- alkalosis repiratorik
- alkalosis metabolik
- renal tubular asidosis
- diet: buah atau sayuran
- terapeutik: pengaruh obat
- ISK: bakteri pemecah urea
- pengaruh makanan
|
- gangguan asam basa
- asidosis repiratorik
- asidosis metabolik
- diet: daging atau cranberry
- terapeutik: pengaruh obat
- potasium depletion
|
Leukosit
Reference range
|
Increased in
|
Decrease in
|
0-5/lpb
|
- ISK
- pielonefritis
- cystitis
- prostatitis
- uretritis
- Inflamatory renal disease
- glomerulonefritis
- SLE
- intertisial nefritis
- transplant rejection
|
-
|
Berat Jenis
Reference range
|
Increased in
|
Decrease in
|
1.003-1.035 |
- dehidrasi
- insufisiensi adrenal
- hepatic disease
- CHF
- substansi urin
|
- diabetes insipidus
- renal disorder
- glomerulonefritis
- pielonefritis
|
Red Blood Cell in Urine
Reference range
|
Increased in
|
Decrease in
|
0-3/lpb
|
- renal disorder
- glomerular disease
- tubulointertisial disease
- stones/batu
- tumor
- infeksi
- trauma
- papil nekrosis
- LUT disorder
- stones/batu
- tumor
- infeksi
- trauma
- malignant hipertension
- sedang pengobatan antikoagulan
- drug-induced
- exercise berlebihan
- terkontaminasi darah haid
|
-
|
Protein Urine
Reference range
|
Increased in
|
Decrease in
|
negatif
or
<150 mg/day
|
- renal disease
- systemic disease
- neoplastic disease
- vascular disease
- drug/toxin
- infeksi
- reaksi alergi
- overflow proteinuria
- non pathologic
- exercise
- fever/heat
- postural
|
- diabetes insipidus
- renal disorder
- glomerulonefritis
- pielonefritis
|
Nitrit
Reference range
|
Increased in
|
Decrease in
|
negative
|
- bacterial infection
- E. coli
- Klebsiella
- enterobacter
- proteus
- staphylococcus
- pseudomonas
|
-
|
Ketone
Reference range
|
Increased in
|
Decrease in
|
negative
|
- diabetic ketoasidosis
- alkoholic ketoasidosis
- starvation
- lactic acidosis
- high fat low carbohydrate
- prolong/intense exercise
|
-
|
Glukosa
Reference range
|
Increased in
|
Decrease in
|
negative
|
- diabetes mellitus
- endocrine disorder
- pancreatic disorder
- CNS disorder
- physiologic/metabolic stress
- drug-induced
- thiazide
- corticosteroid
- oral contraceptive
- renal tubular disfunction
- pregnancy
|
-
|
Bilirubin
Reference range
|
Increased in
|
Decrease in
|
negative
|
- gangguan ekskresi ke bile
- hepatitis/sirosis
- sirosis bilier
- drug-induced cholestasis
- Dubin-Johnson syndrome
- Rotor syndrome
- obstruksi traktus bilier
- gallstone
- tumor
- infection
|
-
|
Sumber: LabDx version 2.1 by William E. Schreiber, MD
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